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The objective of this study was to research and document how Japan managed to make almost all school buildings to be earthquake resilient, which was conducted as a part of the Bank’s “Global Program for Safer Schools” under Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) initiative. The study explored the context, design, and achievement of the Japan’s school retrofitting program, analyzed drivers and facilitating factors and drew remaining challenges and lessons for developing countries. PADECO was responsible for developing a report through literature review, interview surveys and consultative meetings with resource persons from related ministries and academia.