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The Education Strategic Plan 2009-2013 of the Royal Government of Cambodia emphasizes the quality of education, especially in science and mathematics, since these fields are considered to be key for achieving economic growth by increasing the supply of qualified human resources. Therefore, the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport (MoEYS) requested JICA assistance for this project to support science and mathematics education at the lower secondary level. Most science and mathematics teachers in Cambodia have never received any in-service training, which limits the enhancement of their knowledge and teaching skills. In addition, teachers tend to teach lessons without focusing on the individual achievement of students. Given this background, the project aims to improve the quality of science and mathematics education by developing a Teacher’s Guide and enhancing the capacity of the Working Group (WG) composed of relevant departments of MoEYS, trainers at Regional Teacher Training College, and trainers at the National Institute of Education. PADECO is responsible for all areas of project implementation, including the development of the Teacher’s Guide, aid coordination, policy recommendations, and capacity development of the WG members. Since this last-named area is one of the most important objectives of the project, PADECO has provided technical advice to the WG members so that they can take the initiative to lead the project.